North Korea implemented a major Criminal Procedure Reform, eliminating the preliminary examination stage for the first time in seven decades. This reform consolidates investigations, indictments, and trials into a streamlined three-stage process.
The change stems from amendments to the Criminal Procedure Law in 2023. North Korea previously operated under a Soviet-style four-stage system: investigations, preliminary examinations, indictments, and trials. Preliminary examinations reviewed facts before indictments and reinforced prosecutors’ exclusive rights. Now, authorities merged this step into the investigation phase, aiming for faster case resolution.
The 2023 revisions are extensive. The law’s structure shrank from nine chapters and 435 articles to eight chapters and 390 articles. Around 250 articles were amended or removed. Analysts say this overhaul reflects both legal modernization and political strategy under Kim Jong Un.
Kim’s administration links the reform to his national strategy announced at the Eighth Party Congress in 2021. The so-called “strategy for full-scale socialist development” emphasizes centralized authority, party-led governance, and what the regime calls “people-first politics.” Critics argue the reform strengthens party control and facilitates quicker punishment for perceived political opponents.
Legal experts note that while the reform may appear to simplify criminal procedures, it limits independent checks. North Korea’s judicial system has long lacked transparency, and the removal of preliminary examinations reduces opportunities for procedural oversight.
Moreover, the reform signals North Korea’s intention to maintain strict social and political order. Analysts say it allows authorities to respond swiftly to dissent, manage high-profile cases efficiently, and maintain tight control over legal outcomes.
Despite claims of promoting human rights, international observers highlight that the changes consolidate power in the hands of prosecutors and party officials. The law now emphasizes efficiency over safeguards.
Moving forward, North Korea plans to implement the new Criminal Procedure Reform across all legal cases. Experts expect the system to continue prioritizing state and party interests. Meanwhile, human rights organizations remain cautious, noting potential impacts on due process and fair trial standards.
Criminal Procedure Reform marks a historic pivot in North Korea’s legal landscape, blending administrative streamlining with political consolidation. Authorities argue it will improve efficiency, while critics fear reduced legal protections.
